Chapter 23 (pp. 1137-1171) & Chapter 23 visual sources (pp 1182-1187)

The kind of economic globalization taking shape in the 1970s and after was known as neoliberalism. Major capitalist countries such as the United States and Great Britain. Powerful international lending agencies such as the world bank and the MIF imposed such free market and pro business conditions on many poor countries if they were to qualify to much needed loans. Central to the acceleration of economic globalization have been huge global businesses known as transnational corporations which produce goods. Economic globalization has contributed to inequalities not only at the global level and among developing countries but also within individual nations rich, and poor.

In the West, organized feminism had lost momentum by the end of the 1920s when its countries had achieved universal suffrage. Liberation for women meant becoming aware of their own oppression and process that took place in thousands of conciousness-raising groups across the country.

The globalization of environmentalism also disclosed sharp conflicts particularly between the global North and South. Western governments argued argued that newly industrialization countries such as China and India.

Visual Sources

Not many people in the world of the early twenty-first century remain untouched by globalization. Almost all of us, for example, live in nation states and seek health, wealth, and prosperity. Among the common experiences of globalization for some people living in Asia, Africa, or Latin America. If globalization offered employment opportunities to some people in developing countries. It also promoted a worldwide culture of consumerism. 

Chapter 22 Documents (1120-1135)

Document 22.1

In WWI Turkey emerged from ashes fro the Ottoman Empire and adopted a distinctive path of modernization, Westernization, and secularism under the leadership of Musafa Kemal Ataturk. Policies had the goal of removing Islam from and significant role in public life, restricting it to realm of personal devotion. In 1927, Ataturk explained and justified these policies which went against the grain of islamic thinking. 

Document 22.2

The difference between Turkey and Iran brought power to a revolution in 1979. The revolution had been inspired and lead by Ayatollah Khomeini. Ayatollah was a religious scholar who became the rallying point for opposers of the Shah Iran regime. The supreme leader of Iran during the 1980s was in a position to put those leaders into practice. 

Document 22.3

Osama Bin Laden was the international face of an assertive Islamic radicalism who launched the 9/11 attack in the United States in 2001. Bin Laden and his followers were certainly not the only voices laying claim to Islam after 9/11. Other argued that Muslims could retain their distinctive religious sensibility while embracing democracy. Even as they recalled in earlier centuries of Islamic intellectual and scientific achievement, and religious tolerance. This viewpoint expressed in a pamphlet composed by Shiekh Kabir Helminski in 2009. 

Document 22.4

Muslims have been the evolution of Ayaan Hirsi. Ayaan Hirsi was an immigrant to the Netherlands and later to the United States. Hirsi Ali was the daughter of a prominent political opponent of the Somali government. Hirsi Ali fled an arranged marriage to a man she regarded as "bigot"and an "idiot" and found political asylum in the Netherlands. In 2006 she relocated to the united states in search of an opportunity to build a life in livelihood in freedom. 

Chapter 22 (pp 1087-1119)

As the twentieth century closed, the end of European empires seemed an almost inevitable  phenomenon for colonial rule had lost any credibility as a form of political order. One approach to explaining the end of colonial empires focuses attention on fundamental contradictions in the entire colonial enterprise. Social and economic circumstances within the colonies themselves generated the human raw material for anti-colonial movements.

The setting of South Africa freedom struggle was very different fro India. The twentieth century that struggle was not waged against an occupying European colonial power. A further unique feature of South African situation was overwhelming prominence of race expressed in 1948. Rapid population growth, chronic inflation, sharp class conflict, rural poverty, and mass migration to city slum.

In the aftermath of of WWI modern Turkey emerged from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk who fought of British, French, Italian, and Greek efforts to dismember what was left of the old empire.

Chapter 21 pg 1035-1068 Documents 1069-1085

During the cold war decades, the Warsaw Pact brought the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist states together in military alliance designed to counter the threat from the Western capitalist countries of the NATO alliance. Although the globalization of communism found expression primarily in the second half of the twentieth century. Communist movements of the twentieth century drew on the mystique of the earlier French Revolution.

In Russia, Communist came to power and it took place within a single year. the pressure from WWI represented the catalyst for that revolution as accumulated tensions of Russian Society exploded. The next major extension of communist control occurred in East Europe in the after math of WWII.

Communism triumphed in the ancient land of China in 1949 thirty years after the Russian Revolution. Unlike Russia, the Karl Marx and his ideas were barely known in China.

Communist countries pioneered forms of women's liberation that only later were adopted in the West. Still communist style women's liberation had definite limits. In neither the Soviet Union nor China did the Communist party undertake a direct attack on male domination within the family.

The Soviet collapse represented a unique phenomenon in the world of the late twentieth century.

Stalin on Stalinism

In 1933 Stalin appeared before a group of high ranking party officials to give a report on the achievements of the countries five year plan for overall  development. The years encompassed by the plan and Stalin rose to the position of supreme leader within the governing communist party of the Soviet Union. 

Chapter 20 pg 973-1017 chapter 20 documents pg1018-1033

Europe was in a very important position on the global stage driven by its growing military capacity. Europe's modern transformation was certainly not accompanied by growing unity or stability among its own people. Historical rivalries further sharpened as both German and Italy.

Europe's imperial reach around the world shaped the scope and the conduct of the war. Battles raged in Africa and South Pacific as British and French forces sought to seize German colonies abroad. The Ottoman Empire entered the conflict on the side of Germany became the sight of intense military actions and witnessed Arab revolt.

Between 1919 and 1945, facism was expressed across Europe. Facism was intensely nationalistic seeking to revitalize and purify the nation. Small facist movements appeared in many Western European countries.

WWII began in Asia before it occured in Europe. Japans ambitions became more powerful in Japans political life. Japans war against china unfolded the view of the world held by Japanese authorities.

Hitler on Nazism

Hitler published political views before he came to power. He was born in Austria and absorbed German nationalism. In 1919 he joined a very small extremist group called German Workers Party. Here, he rose quickly to a dominant role based on his powerful abilities. After being in prison for less than a year, Hitler assumed leadership in 1933. 

Chapter 19 (pp. 931-957) & Documents

China was a victim of its own earlier success. Chinas famed centralization and bureaucratic state did not enlarge itself to keep pace with the growing population. The state was unable to effectively perform its many functions. 

European military pressure and economic penetration during the first half of the nineteenth century disrupted international trade route. Beginning of the late eighteenth century, rebellions drew on a variety of peasants grievances and found leadership in charismatic figures. The cumulation of China's internal crisis lay in the Taiping Uprising which set much of the country aflame. 

Among the most revolutionary dimensions of Taiping Uprising was its posture toward women and gender roles. Taiping officials ordered that  the feet of other women be unbound. Their land reform program promised women and men equal shares of land. 

Chinese authorities were not passive in the face of their country's mounting crises. A few industrial factories producing textiles and steel were established coal were expanded, and a telegraph system was initiated. 

In 1750 the Ottoman Empire was still the central political fixture of a widespread Islamic world. The Ottoman Empires own domains shrank consider ability at the hands of Russian, British, Austrian, and French aggression. When the French left, a virtually independent Egypt pursued a modernization and empire building program. 

Japans modern transformation soon registered internationally. Not only did Japan escape from the semi colonial entanglements with the West, but also launched its own empire building enterprise. Japans entry into the global  stage was felt in many places and added imperialist power. Those who directly experienced Japanese imperialism in Taiwan and Korea no doubt had a less positive view. 

Chapter 18 (pp 879-912) chapter 18 documents (pp 922-929)

Behind Europe's expansion had a massive impact on the Industrial Revolution. This gave rise to new economic needs. productivity of industrial technology created the need for extensive raw materials and agricultural products. Europe needed to sell its own products. Britain was exporting 60 percent of its cotton cloth production. Part of the European and American fascination with china during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries lay in the enormous market potential represented by its huge population.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the Americans represented the first phase of European colonial  conquests. It was focused on Asia and Africa rather than in the Western Hemisphere. The construction of these European empires involved military force or the threat of it. Europeans had to fight long and hard to create empires\. The passage to colonial status occurred in various ways for people of India and Indonesia. The process involved endless but peaceful negotiations among the completing great powers about "who got what."

Although violence was a prominent feature of colonial life, both during conquest and after, Many men found employment, status, and security in European armed forces. Both colonial governments and private missionary organizations had an interest in promoting a measure of European education.

Colonial rule affected the lives of its subject people in many ways but pronounced change was in their way of working. To various degrees, old ways of working were eroded almost everywhere in the colonial world. A flood of inexpensive textiles from Britons new factories. Iron smelting largely disappeared in Africa.

Many Asian and African peoples had produced quite willingly for an international market long before they were enclosed within colonial societies. British authorities in Burma, acted to encourage rice production under small farmers by ending and earlier prohibition on rice exports.

In pre colonial Africa, women were almost everywhere active farmers, with responsibility for planting .As demands as the colonial economy grew, women's lives were increasingly diverged from mens lives. Further increasing women's workload and differentiating their lives from men, men sought employment in the cities, on settler farms, or in mines. The colonial economy, provided a measure of opportunity for enterprising women.


Documents.
Europeans began to look at Africa as a source of raw materials, opportunity for investment, and market for industrial products. The board game became a very competitive process but the British were determined that no major European power should be allowed to control the headwaters of the Nile River. In North America, the European rivalries for territory involver great Britain which occupied Egypt in 1881. One exception to the general European takeover of Africa during the scramble was the kingdom of Ethiopia.