As the twentieth century closed, the end of European empires seemed an almost inevitable phenomenon for colonial rule had lost any credibility as a form of political order. One approach to explaining the end of colonial empires focuses attention on fundamental contradictions in the entire colonial enterprise. Social and economic circumstances within the colonies themselves generated the human raw material for anti-colonial movements.
The setting of South Africa freedom struggle was very different fro India. The twentieth century that struggle was not waged against an occupying European colonial power. A further unique feature of South African situation was overwhelming prominence of race expressed in 1948. Rapid population growth, chronic inflation, sharp class conflict, rural poverty, and mass migration to city slum.
In the aftermath of of WWI modern Turkey emerged from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk who fought of British, French, Italian, and Greek efforts to dismember what was left of the old empire.
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