Document 22.1
In WWI Turkey emerged from ashes fro the Ottoman Empire and adopted a distinctive path of modernization, Westernization, and secularism under the leadership of Musafa Kemal Ataturk. Policies had the goal of removing Islam from and significant role in public life, restricting it to realm of personal devotion. In 1927, Ataturk explained and justified these policies which went against the grain of islamic thinking.
Document 22.2
The difference between Turkey and Iran brought power to a revolution in 1979. The revolution had been inspired and lead by Ayatollah Khomeini. Ayatollah was a religious scholar who became the rallying point for opposers of the Shah Iran regime. The supreme leader of Iran during the 1980s was in a position to put those leaders into practice.
Document 22.3
Osama Bin Laden was the international face of an assertive Islamic radicalism who launched the 9/11 attack in the United States in 2001. Bin Laden and his followers were certainly not the only voices laying claim to Islam after 9/11. Other argued that Muslims could retain their distinctive religious sensibility while embracing democracy. Even as they recalled in earlier centuries of Islamic intellectual and scientific achievement, and religious tolerance. This viewpoint expressed in a pamphlet composed by Shiekh Kabir Helminski in 2009.
Document 22.4
Muslims have been the evolution of Ayaan Hirsi. Ayaan Hirsi was an immigrant to the Netherlands and later to the United States. Hirsi Ali was the daughter of a prominent political opponent of the Somali government. Hirsi Ali fled an arranged marriage to a man she regarded as "bigot"and an "idiot" and found political asylum in the Netherlands. In 2006 she relocated to the united states in search of an opportunity to build a life in livelihood in freedom.
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